• Norman Golb, Who Wrote the Dead Scrolls? The Search for the Secret of Qumran (New York: Touchstone, 1995). ^{[for introducing me to the bigger picture]}

• F. García Martínez, The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated - The Qumran Texts in English, 2nd ed., trans. W. G. E. Watson (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1995).^{1 [for introducing me to the cave inventories]}

• R. Eisenman and M. Wise, The Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered. The First Complete Translation and Interpretation of 50 Key Documents Withheld for Over 35 Years. (Shaftsbury, U.K. and Rockport, Mass, 1992), pbk. ed. (New York: Penguin, 1993).^{2 [for attempting an analysis to go with the translations]}

• Geza Vermes, The Dead Sea Scrolls in English, Revised and extended 4th Edition (London: Penguin, 1995).^{3 [for his scholarly approach to the translations]}

• Michael Baigent and Richard Leigh, The Dead Sea Scrolls Deception (New York: Summit Books, 1991).^{[for stirring the pot]}

New Additions

Copies of the Abstracts from An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches held in Jerusalem July 20-25,1997 have recently been added to this bibliography. It should be remembered that these are not the presentations, but only brief descriptions of what the speakers intended to discuss (as of the time the abstracts had to be submitted). These are the best we can do until the official PROCEEDINGS of this International Congress appear in print. Please check the International Congress' official site periodically for further information about its aftermath and any publication announcements.

Anyone reading these abstracts has to be encouraged to see the beginnings of significant disputes on some really interesting issues. Intellectual disagreement, as long as it's civil, is good. It is our only defense against dogma. If it turns out that the long standing theory about an Essene Community at Qumran is correct, the disputes will only strengthen its arguments. If it is wrong, in any significant respect, disputation offers the only hope of finally getting it right. Sometimes the "most important scientist or thinker" is the one who backs the wrong theory for all the right reasons. The ensuing arguments often stimulate much good science and analysis from both supporters and critics and thereby extract the best ideas from everybody.

We don't yet have a fully rational theory about what was going in the Judaean desert 2,000 years ago, and without a few good fights, we never will. Argument is a sign of good health in any intellectual discipline. Don't trust anyone who tells you he knows it all. Condescension is not the sign of the careful scholar. Ego, yes! Knows the literature, yes! Thinks all the important questions have been asked and answered, NO! Fortunately, there appears to be some life left in the discipline that has grown up around Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls.

Some interested parties have been waiting 50 years for the fighting to get underway. Golb did his bit. Eisenman did his bit. Golb and Eisenman clearly have significant disagreements with each other but they are in some sense on the same side; they're trying to figure it out. We need more questors and fewer preachers. Now it is time for a new generation to throw their ideas into the fray; I have no doubt that they have many worthwhile ideas to offer. Based on these abstracts, it looks like some of them do indeed have new insights worth considering. Some of it is still tentative, but I feel encouraged by the signs I see. Several camps are starting to stake out their intellectual positions. For myself, while I am inclined to mistrust the conventional wisdom in most situations, I know from experience that it occasionally turns out to be right. So I remain willing to be convinced, if I find the arguments are sound and well reasoned, the tone is civil, and there is no insulting appeal to higher authority.

Primary References and Official Series

(Note, courtesy of the Orion Center, the Contents pages of nine of the DJD volumes can now be viewed by clicking on the highlighted references below.)

(Note further, all DJD volumes can be ordered directly from the Oxford University Press. Publication dates of the DJD volumes in press and all prices are subject to change without notice. Prices are stated in US Dollars and valid only for sales within the United States.

Where available, I have included the Oxford University Press' description of the various DJD volumes.)

• Solomon Schechter, Fragments of a Zadokite Work--Documents of Jewish Secteries, 1, (Cambridge, 1910). [The Damascus Covenant].

• M. Burrows (ed.), The Dead Sea Scrolls of St. Marks Monastery, with the assistance of J. C. Trever and W. H. Brownlee, 2 fasc. (New Haven: The American Schools of Oriental Research, 1950-51). [I. Habakkuk Pesher, II. Manual of Discipline].

• Chaim Rabin , The Zadokite Documents (Oxford, 1954), 2nd ed. (Oxford, 1958). [The Damascus Covenant].

• D. Barthélemy and J. T. Milik, Qumran Cave 1 (DJD I; Oxford: Clarendon, 1955, reiss., 1997). [Rule of the Community or The Messianic Rule or The Community Rule].
  [xi + 163 or 220 pp. + xxxvii b/w plates + 10 linecuts]. (ISBN  0-19-826301-5, $95.00w).
  Originally published in 1955, this volume is being reissued to make the entire series available to students and scholars of biblical and post-biblical Judaism and early Christianity.

• N. Avigad and Y. Yadin, A Genesis Apocryphon. A Scroll from the Wilderness of Judaea (Jerusalem, 1956).

• Les grottes de Murabba^cat P. Benoit , J. T. Milik, and R. de Vaux (eds.) with contributions by G. M. Crowfoot, E. Crowfoot, and A. Grohmann, (DJD II; Oxford, 1961, reiss. in 2 vols., 1997).
  [original single vol. ed., xv + 314 pp. + 107 plates].
  (Planches - 120 pp. + 107 b/w plates), (ISBN  0-19-826945-5,  $78.00w.)
  Originally published in 1961, this volume is being reissued to make the entire series available to students and scholars of biblical and post-biblical Judaism and early Christianity. A companion volume contains the text found in the original one-volume publication. (March 1997).

  (Textes - xv + 320 pp. + 31 line figures), (ISBN  0-19-826944-7,  $105.00w).

  Originally published in 1961, this volume is being reissued to make the entire series available to students and scholars of biblical and post-biblical Judaism and early Christianity. A companion volume contains the plates found in the original one-volume publication. (February 1997).

• Les 'petites grottes' de Qumrân, M. Baillet, J. T. Milik, and R. de Vaux (eds.) with a contribution by H. W. Baker (DJD III; Oxford, 1962, reiss. in 2 vols., 1997).
  [original single vol. ed., xiii + 315 pp. + lxxi plates].
  (Planches - 80 pp. 71 b/w plates), (ISBN  0-19-826947-1,  $68.00w)
  Originally published in 1962, this volume is being reissued to make the entire series available to students and scholars of biblical and post-biblical Judaism and early Christianity. A companion volume contains the text found in the original one-volume publication. (March 1997).

  (Textes - 336 pp.), (ISBN  0-19-826946-3,  $105.00w).

  Originally published in 1962, this volume is being reissued to make the entire series available to students and scholars of biblical and post-biblical Judaism and early Christianity. A companion volume contains the plates found in the original one-volume publication. (February 1997).

• Y. Yadin, (ed.), The Scroll of the War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness, trans. by B. Rabin and C. Rabin, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962). [The War Scroll].

• The Psalms Scroll of Qumrân Cave 11 (11QPsa), J. A. Sanders (ed.) (DJD IV; Oxford, 1965, reiss. 1997). [original ed., xi + 97 pp. + xvii plates].
  [reiss., xi + 132 pp. + xxxiii halftones]. (ISBN  0-19-826313-9,  $75.00w).
  Originally published in 1965, this volume is being reissued to make the entire series available to students and scholars of biblical and post-biblical Judaism and early Christianity. (February 1997).

• J. M. Allegro, Qumrân Cave 4. I (4Q158-4Q186), with the cooperation of A. A. Anderson (DJD V; Oxford: Clarendon, 1968, reiss. 1997).
  [111 or 160 pp. + xxxi b/w plates]. (ISBN  0-19-826314-7,  $90.00w).
  Originally published in 1968, this volume is being reissued to make the entire series available to students and scholars of biblical and post-biblical Judaism and early Christianity. (February 1997).

• J. A. Fitzmyer, The Genesis Apocryphon of Qumran Cave 1 (Rome, 1971).

• R. de Vaux & J. T. Milik, Qumrân Grotte 4. II: (4Q128 - 4Q157) with contributions by J. W. B Barns and J. Carswell (DJD VI; Oxford, 1977).
  [xi + 91 or 106 pp. + xxviii plates and text-figures]. (ISBN  0-19-826317-1,  $110.00s).
  Part I: Archéologie, par R. de Vaux.
  Part II: Tefillin, Mezuzot et Targums (4Q128-4Q157), par J. T. Malik.

• Y. Yadin, (ed.), The Temple Scroll: 3 vols., trans. of Megilat-ha-mikdash (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1977-83). Vol. 1, Introduction. Vol. 2, Text and commentary. Vol. 3. Plates and Text, supplementary plates (2 v.).

• Qumrân Grotte 4. III: (4Q482-4Q520), Maurice Baillet (ed.) (DJD VII; Oxford: Clarendon, 1982).
  [xiv + 339 or 394 pp. + lxxx plates]. (ISBN  0-19-826321-X,  $195.00s). (Out of Publisher's Stock)

• Emanuel Tov, The Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever (8HevXIIgr), The Seiyal Collection I, with the collaboration of R. A. Kraft and with a contribution from P. J. Parsons (DJD VIII; Oxford: Clarendon, 1990).
  [x + 169 or 204 pp. + 1 map + xx halftones]. (ISBN  0-19-826327-9,  $125.00s). (Out of Publisher's Stock)

• The Madrid Qumran Congress:Proceedings of the International Congress on the Dead Sea Scrolls, Madrid 18-21 March, 1991, Julio Trebolle and Luis Vegas Montaner (eds.), 2 vols. (MQC; Leiden and Madrid: Brill and Editorial Complutense, 1992).

• Patrick W. Skehan, Eugene Ulrich, and Judith E. Sanderson, Qumran Cave 4. IV: Palaeo-Hebrew and Greek Biblical Manuscripts, with a contribution by P. J. Parsons. (DJD IX; Oxford: Clarendon, 1992 or 93).
  [xiii + 250 or 312 pp. + xlvii plates on 40 pp]. (ISBN  0-19-826328-7,  $130.00w).

• Qumran Cave 4. V: Miqsat Ma'ase ha-Torah, Elisha Qimron and John Strugnell (eds.) (DJD X; Oxford: Clarendon, 1994).
  [xiv + 235 or 262 pp. + viii plates]. (ISBN  0-19-826344-9,  $85.00w).

• E. Eshel, H. Eshel, C. Newsom, B. Nitzan, E. Schuller, and A. Yardeni, Qumran Cave 4. VI: Poetical and Liturgical Texts, Part 1, in consultation with J. VanderKam and M. Brady. (DJD XI; Oxford: Clarendon, 1998).
  [xi + 520 pp. + concordances + xxxii pl.]. (ISBN; 0-19-826380-5,  $150.00w).
  This volume contains a collection of prayers, hymns, psalms, and liturgies from Cave 4 at Qumran. The texts greatly enhance our understanding of intertestamental poetry, adding a rich continuation to the biblical tradtion of praise and worship of God in poetry.

• Eugene Ulrich, Frank Moore Cross, James R Davila, Jastram Nathan, Judith E. Sanderson, Emanuel Tov and John Strugnell, Qumran Cave 4. VII: Genesis to Numbers (DJD XII; Oxford: Clarendon, 1994 or 95).
  [xv + 272 or 338 pp. + xlix plates, or xlviii plates + 1 color illus]. (ISBN  0-19-826365-1,  $125.00w). (Out of Publisher's Stock)

• Harold Attridge, Torleif Elgvin, Jozef Milik, Saul Olyan, John Strugnell, Emanuel Tov, James VanderKam and Sidnie White, Qumran Cave 4. VIII, Parabiblical Texts, Part 1, in consultation with James VanderKam (DJD XIII; Oxford: Clarendon, 1994 or 95).
  [x + 470 or 524 pp. + xliii plates or xlii plates]. (ISBN  0-19-826760-6,  $135.00w). (Out of Publisher's Stock)

• Eugene Ulrich, Frank Moore Cross, Sidnie White Crawford, Julie Ann Duncan, Patrick W. Skehan, Emanuel Tov and Julio Trebolle Barrera, Qumran Cave 4. IX: Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Kings (DJD XIV; Oxford: Clarendon, 1995).
  [208 pp. + xxxvii plates]. (ISBN  0-19-826366-X,  $115.00w).
  This definitive scholarly edition continues the publication of the biblical Dead Sea Scrolls from Qumran Cave 4. It contains twenty-four manuscripts of the books of Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, and Kings, antedating previous Hebrew texts by a millennium. The scrolls are valuable witnesses to the pluriform nature of the ancient biblical text and have been used for recent revised translations of the Bible.

• Eugene Ulrich, Frank Moore Cross, Russell E. Fuller, Judith E. Sanderson, the late Patrick W. Skehan, and Emanuel Tov, Qumran Cave 4. X: The Prophets with the collaboration of Catherine M. Murphy and Curt Niccum (DJD XV; Oxford: Clarendon, 1997).
  [408 pp. + liv b/w plates]. (ISBN  0-19-826937-4,  $150.00w).
  Includes 33 manuscripts of the books of Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekial and the Twelve Minor Prophets. These texts antedate by a millennium those that had previously held the title of the earliest surviving Hebrew biblical manuscripts. They document a pluriformity acceptable in the ancient biblical textual tradition before the text became standardized later in the Christian and Rabbinic period.

  The Book of Isaiah was one of the most widely copied books at Qumran. 4QJerb displays the earlier edition of Jeremiah from which the Septuagint was translated, in contrast to the later edition in the Massoretic tradition. Superior textual variants from these manuscripts have been adopted in recent revised translations of the Bible.

• E. Ulrich (ed.), Psalms to Chronicles (F. M. Cross, P. Flint, P. Skehan, E. Tov, J. Trebolle, E. Ulrich). Cave 4. XI. (DJD XVI; Oxford: Clarendon, 1997). (In press).

• DJD XVII not yet announced.

• Qumran Cave 4. XIII: The Damascus Document (4Q266-273), Joseph M. Baumgarten (ed.), on the basis of transcriptions by Józef T. Milik, with contributions by Stephen Pfann and Ada Yardeni (DJD XVIII; Oxford: Clarendon, 1996 or 97).
  [xix + 236 or 300 pp. + xlii pp. b/w plates]. (ISBN  0-19-826396-1,  $135.00w).
  In this long awaited edition Baumgarten presents all the known Qumran Cave 4 manuscripts of the Damascus Document on the basis of J. T. Milik's original transcriptions. These eight manuscripts antedate the two medieval Cairo Genizah texts (CD) by more than a millennium and are indispensable for all future literary and historical studies on one of the major foundational works of the Qumran community.

• Magen Broshi, Esther Eshel, Joseph Fitzmyer, Erik Larson, Carol Newsom Lawrence H. Schiffman, Mark Smith, Michael Stone, John Strugnell, and Ada Yardeni, Qumran Cave 4. XIV: Parabiblical Texts, Part 2, in consultation with James VanderKam (DJD XIX; Oxford: Clarendon, 1995 or 96).
  [310 pp. + ixxx plates]. (ISBN  0-19-826389-9,  $130.00w).
  This volume contains a collection of compositions from cave 4 at Qumran written during the Second Temple period and linked to the Hebrew Bible through text, characters, themes, or genre. While some of the documents represent a reworking, rewriting, or paraphrase of biblical books, all greatly enhance our understanding of biblical interpretation during the period and the phenomenon of pseudepigraphy.

• Torleif Elgvin, Menachem Kister, Timothy Lim, Bilhah Nitzan, Stephen Pfann, Elisha Qimron, Lawrence H. Schiffman and Annette Steudel, Qumran Cave 4. XV: Sapiential Texts, Part 1, in consultation with Joseph A. Fitzmyer, S.J., (DJD XX; Oxford: Clarendon, 1997).
  [xi + 246 or 280 pp. + xv or xviii b/w plates]. (ISBN  0-19-826938-2,  $120.00w).
  This volume contains a collection of previously unknown compositions from the Second Temple period found in Cave 4 at Qumran. The specialized terminology used in these works allows them to be classified as sapiential (or instructional) literature. As such, they are part of the larger genre of wisdom literature, common in the Ancient Near East. These compositions, including works such as Mysteries, Ways of Righteousness, and Admonitory Parable, enhance our understanding of the keen interest in theological and ethical issues both of the Qumran community specifically and of Second Temple period Judaism in general.

• DJD XXI not yet announced.

• George Brooke, John J. Collins, Torleif Elgvin, Peter Flint, Jonas Greenfield, Erik Larson, Carol Newsom, Émile Puech, Lawrence H. Schiffman, Michael Stone, and others, Qumran Cave 4. XVII: Parabiblical Texts, Part 3, in consultation with James VanderKam (DJD XXII; Oxford: Clarendon, 1996).
  [xi + 352 or 396 pp. + xxix plates on 30 pp]. (ISBN  0-19-826936-6,  $150.00w).
  This volume contains a collection of Jewish works composed during the intertestamental period linked to biblical texts through characters, themes, or genre. Some of these were known previously as part of the Pseudepigrapha, while others were not previously known. They all enhance our understanding of the phenomenon of pseudepigraphy (writing in the name of a famous biblical or religious character) and of biblical interpretation during the Second Temple period.

• F. García Martíez, E. Tigchelaar, and A.S. van der Woude, Incorporating earlier editions by J. P. M. Van Der Ploeg, With a contribution by Edward Herbert, Qumran Cave 11, Volume II (11Q2-18, 11Q20-31) (DJD XXIII; Oxford: Clarendon, 1998).
  [xiii + 560 pp. + concordances + liv plates.]. (ISBN; 0-19-826959-5,  $175.00).
  Cave 11 at Qumran contained a number of extremely important well-preserved manuscripts such as the Temple Scroll which have been published elsewhere. This volume contains complete editions of the remainder of the Cave 11 manuscripts, including biblical scrolls such as Ezekiel and Psalms, as well as several important extra-biblical texts such as Jubilees, Melchizedek, Berakoth, and Hymns, and a new edition of the Targum of Job.

• Mary Joan Winn Leith, Wadi Daliyeh I: The Wadi Daliyeh Seal Impressions (DJD XXIV; Oxford: Clarendon, 1997).
  [xxv + 294 pp. + xxiv plates or 93 b/w plates + 60 linecuts.] (ISBN  0-19-826935-8,  $120.00w).
  [Clarendon Press seems to be a bit confused about the number of plates in this volume.]
  The seal impressions found at Wadi ed-Daliyeh near Qumran^* were originally clay seals fixed to the Samaria Papyri (legal documents dated to the mid-fourth century BCE). They provide a rare glimpse of the cultural influences to which one area of Palestine was exposed before the coming of Alexander. This volume presents a catalogue and analysis of the legible sealings and two gold rings in the collection of the Rockefeller Museum, Jerusalem.

  ^* (Actually, they were found north of Jericho, and not really very close to Qumran - the skeletons found in this cave appear to be of Samarian rebels who were hiding from Alexander's Persian lieutenants. In his book The Ancient Library of Qumran Frank Moore Cross tells the story of how he happened to be the first member of the official team to reach this site and supervise the first phases of its examination. MAH)

• E. Puech, Qumrân Grotte 4. XVIII, Textes Hébreux (4Q521-4Q528, 4Q576-4Q579). (DJD XXV; Oxford: Clarendon, 1998).
  [264 pp. + concordances + xv plates]. (ISBN; 0-19-826948-X,  $105.99w).
  In the spring of 1956, a comprehensive inventory of the manuscripts from Qumran Cave 4 was prepared which established the manuscript assignments for each of the members of the first editorial team. The manuscripts numbered 4Q521-4Q579 were assigned to Jean Starcky. Unfortunately Père Starcky died before publishing his allotment, which included primarily parabiblical and pseudepigraphic compositions in Hebrew or Aramaic. Though quite amorphous in character, the group reflects the interest in biblical themes and liturgy characteristic of Second Temple period Judaism. In this volume, Émile Puech presents a critical text edition of the Hebrew manuscripts from this corpus. His edition of the Aramaic texts is scheduled to appear as Discoveries in the Judaean Desert Volume XXXI.

• P. Alexander and G. Vermes, Qumran Cave 4. XIX: 4QSerekh Ha-Yahad and Related Texts (DJD XXVI; Oxford: Clarendon, September 1998). (In Press).
  [272 pp. + xx plates]. (ISBN; 0-19-826981-1,  $125.00w).
  This volume presents the long-awaited edition of the Cave 4 manuscripts of Serekh Ha-Yahad or The Rule of the Community, in which the Essenes detailed the guidelines for membership in their community. It is extremely important for understanding the nature, practice, and ideology of the Qumran covenanters.

• Hannah M. Cotton and Ada Yardeni, Aramaic, Hebrew, and Greek Documentary Texts from Nahal Hever and Other Sites, with an Appendix Containing Alleged Qumran Texts, The Seiyâl Collection II (DJD XXVII; Oxford: Clarendon, 1997).
  [xxvii + 381 or 512 pp. + 33 figures and lxi plates or 98 b/w plates + 72 figures + 2 maps.] (ISBN  0-19-826395-3,  $175.00w).
  This volume contains first and second century CE documents in Aramaic and Greek said to come from Nahal Se'elim and now generally held to come from Nahal Hever (the venue of the Babatha Archive and the Bar Kokhba documents). They reveal legal, social, and linguistic aspects of the life of Jews in the Roman provinces of Judaea and Arabia.

• DJD XXVIII not yet announced.

• DJD XXIX not yet announced.

• DJD XXX not yet announced.

• DJD XXXI E. Puech, His edition of the Aramaic texts from Cave 4 is scheduled to appear as Discoveries in the Judaean Desert Volume XXXI.

• DJD XXXII not yet announced.

• DJD XXXIII not yet announced.

• T. Elgvin, D. Harrington, J. Strugnell, in consultation with Joseph Fitzmyer S.J, Sapiential Texts, Part 2. Qumran Cave 4. XXIV (DJD XXXIV; Oxford: Clarendon, 1997). (In press).

Bibliography of Dead Sea Scroll Studies

The Junior Seminar Site at Reed College maintains an annotated Dead Sea Scroll Bibliography, which while limited in coverage, is nevertheless very useful for getting some idea about the philosophical persuasion of the individual authors listed. Usually limited to one citation per author. The link here is to the complete Bibliography which can be manually searched by scrolling down the list of authors.

The Orion Center maintains an on-line bibliography which currently seems to specialize in years from 1995 onward. The link letter reference at the beginning of each alphabetical section below takes you to the corresponding page in that bibliography. If you prefer, you can also scan through the entire Orion Center bibliography in one large file.

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Abegg, Martin G., Jr.

• see Wacholder, Ben Zion (1991 and 1993).
• see Wise, Michael O. (1996).

Abel, F.-M

Adams, Robert

Aharoni, Y.

• '"Expedition B" in The Judean Desert Caves. Archaeological Survey 1960, (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1961) 19-33 (in Hebrew).
• '"Expedition B - Cave of Horror" in The Judean Desert Caves. Archaeological Survey 1961, (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1962) 159-173 (in Hebrew).

Albright, William Foxwell

• 'A Biblical Fragment from the Maccabaean Ages: The Nash Papyrus', JBL 56 (1937) 145-176.

Alexander, Philip S.

• 'Paleography, "Codicology" and the History of Serekh ha-Yahad' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: More copies of the Community Rule survive than of any other sectarian text from Qumran. These copies are spread over at least 150 years and are very diverse as to their handwriting, size, material, general presentation and physical form. This data will be surveyed and an attempt made to integrate it into an account of the transmission and use of the Community Rule at Qumran. It will be argued that any redaction-history of Serekh ha-Yahad which relies only on internal literary and textual analysis, and does not make use of the external physical evidence for transmission is incomplete; any redaction-history that clearly runs counter to the external physical evidence is flawed. It will also be argued that the history of the copying of the Community Rule may provide a secure starting-point for a discussion of scribal practice at Qumran. It is unclear just how many of the Scrolls were actually copied at Qumran. Most would now concede that at least some of the Dead Sea manuscripts were copied elsewhere and brought to Qumran. Not every Scroll is, therefore, evidence for scribal practice at Qumran. The Community Rule is the sectarian text par excellence , and it is a reasonable assumption that its surviving copies were all made at Qumran. It survives in a sufficient number of copies, spread over a sufficient period of time to provide some insight into the distinctive practices of the Qumran "scriptorium." What emerges if we assume that the Serekh ha-Yahad scribal practices are "normative" and compare these with the practices found in the other manuscripts of the Dead Sea cache?]

Allegro, John Marco

• The Dead Sea Scrolls (U.K.: Hammondsworth, 1956), pbk. ed. (1991).
• 'Further Messianic References in Qumran Literature', JBL 75 (1956) 174-176.
• The People of the Dead Sea Scrolls (New York: Doubleday & Co., 1958).
• The Treasure of the Copper Scroll (London, 1960).
• Search in the Desert (Garder City, N.Y., 1964).
• DJD V (1968).
• The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross; A Study of the Nature and Origins of Christianity within the Fertility Cults of the Ancient Near East (London, 1970).
• The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Reappraisal, 2nd edn (U.K.: Hammondsworth, 1975).
• The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Christian Myth (U.K.: Newton Abbot, 1979), pbk. ed. (1992).
• All Manner of Men pbk. ed. (1982)
• Physician, Heal Thyself (1985).
• Mystery of the Dead Sea Scrolls Revealed (1986).
• The Chosen People: A Study of Jewish History from the Time of the Exile until the Revolt of Bar Kocheba (hard to find).
• The End of a Road (hard to find).
• Lost Gods (hard to find).

Allison, D.

Alter, Robert

Amaru, B. Halpern

• Rewriting the Bible. Land and Covenant in Post-Biblical Jewish Literature. (Valley Forge, PA: Trinity Press International, 1994).

Anders, Aschim

• 'Melchizedek and Levi' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: The portrait of Levi in certain Jewish works of the Second Temple period (the Aramaic Levi Document, Jubilees 30-32, the Greek Testament of Levi) shares some interesting features with the image of Melchizedek in the Hebrew Bible. Like Melchizedek in Gen 14:18-20, Levi is called "priest for the Most High God," and he is connected with the tithe. Like the priest "according to the order of Melchizedek" in Ps 110:4, Levi is proclaimed as "priest forever."
  While these similarities have long been noted, opinions about their significance differ. Especially intriguing is the question of an eventual connection with the Hasmonean rulers. This raises the issue of the date and tendency of the Levi texts: Are they pro-Hasmonean, anti-Hasmonean, or pre-Hasmonean? Or do they rather represent different opinions or stages of tradition? A related issue concerns the dating of the Melchizedek texts of the Hebrew Bible. Hasmonean dates have recently been proposed for both Gen 14 and Ps 110.
  The paper will reassess the question of the relationship between the Melchizedek and Levi traditions, in the light of recent research on the Qumran fragments of the Aramaic Levi Document and the Book of Jubilees.]

Anderson, A. A.

• see DJD V (1969).

Ashtor (Strauss), Eli

• History of the Jews in Egypt and Syria Under the Rule of the Mamlukes, 3 vols. (vols. 1 and 2: Jerusalem, 1944; vol. 3: Jerusalem, 1970).

Audet, J.-P.

Avi-Yonah, Michael

• Map of Roman Palestine, 2nd edn. (Jerusalem, 1940).
• 'The Archaeological Survey and Excavation of Masada', ____, N. Avigad, et al. IEJ 7 (1957) 1-60.
• The Jews Under Roman and Byzantine Rule (Jerusalem, 1984).

Avigad, Nahum

• see Yadin, Y. (1956).
• see Avi-Yonah, Michael (1957).
• 'The Palaeography of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Documents', in Aspects of the Dead Sea Scrolls (= Scripta Hierosolymitana IV) C. Rabin and Y. Yadin (eds.) (Jerusalem, 1958) 56-87.
• "Expedition A." in The Judean Desert Caves. Archaeological Survey 1960 (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1961) 13-18 (in Hebrew).
• "Expedition A. Nahal David." In The Judean Desert Caves. Archaeological Survey 1961' (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1962) 143-158 (in Hebrew).
• Discovering Jerusalem (1983).
• Hebrew Bullae from the Time of Jeremiah : Remnants of a Burnt Archive (hard to find).

Aviram, J.

• "The Judean Desert Expeditions, 1960." in The Judean Desert Caves. Archaeological Survey 1960 (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1961) 5-12 (in Hebrew).
• "The Judean Desert Expeditions, 1961." in The Judean Desert Caves. Archaeological Survey 1961 (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1962) 139-142 (in Hebrew).

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Baigent, M.

Baillet, Father Maurice

• 'Fragments du document de Damas, Qumrán, grotte 6', RB, 63 (1956) 513ff.
• DJD III: (1962).
• DJD VII: (1982).

Baltzer, K.

Baneth, D. H.

Bar-Adon, Pesah

• 'Another Settlement of the Judaean Desert Sect in Ein Ghuweir on the Dead Sea', EI 10 (1971) 72-89.
• "Expedition C." in The Judean Desert Caves. Archaeological Survey 1960 (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1961) 34-48 (in Hebrew).
• "Expedition C - Cave of the Treasure" in The Judean Desert Caves. Archaeological Survey 1961 (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1962) 191-203 (in Hebrew).

Bar-Ilan, Meir

• 'The Discovery of the Words of Gad the Seer.' JSP 11 (1993) 95-107.
• 'Reasons for Sectarianism according to the Tannaim and the Impurity of Oil Alleged by the Essenes according to Josephus' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: The aim of this paper is to present Rabbinic sources to aid the understanding of the development of sectarianism according to the Rabbis and to explain one of Josephus' statements (War II, viii,3) in regard to the avoidance of oil by the Essenes.
  According to the Rabbis there are few cases when in halakhic matters one does not agree with the rabbinic consensus: he will go astray to build his own altar and/or burn his own red heifer. This might happen, according to the Rabbis when:
  1) one does not agree with the calendar of the Rabbis;
  2) one does not agree with the rabbinic perspective that "all" are reliable when it comes to testify to the purity of Hatat, Qodesh or Hulin (wine and oil).
  It is argued that these are exactly the cases where the Essenes didn't agree with the Rabbis, which in turn, explains their sectarianism. According to the Rabbis, not all oil was always considered pure, since in the days of producing oil, all the people were considered to be pure, so the oil was pure too. However, the oil was considered as impure the whole year round. There is a special Halakha concerning the reliability of "all" to testify to the purity of oil, where the Rabbis claim that without their Halakha, people would be sectarians. According to the Rabbis "all" means people from all social strata: proselytes, manumitted slaves, nethinim, bastards and all kinds of eunuchs. "All" were reliable for the Rabbis but not for the Essenes. It is shown that the rule reflected in Josephus' description is exactly a sectarian rule (according to the Rabbis).
  Rabbinic Halakha shows the background of the Essenes' avoidance of oil (by itself contradicted by few verses in the Temple Scroll), but it is argued that Josephus' explanation of the phenomenon was incorrect.]

Bar-Zohar, Michael

Barag, D.

• 'The Glassware from the "Cave of Horror". In The Judean Desert Caves. Archaeological Survey 1961' (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1962) 175-182 (in Hebrew).

Bardtke, H.

Bartélemy, Dominique

• DJD I (1955).

Batto, B.

Bauckham, Richard

• 'A Quotation from 4QSecond Ezekiel in the Apocalypse of Peter.' RQ 15 (1992) 437-445.
• 'The Qumran Community and the Gospel of John' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: Among the New Testament writings, the Gospel of John has often been thought to show a special affinity with the literature of the Qumran community, such that an actual historical connection between the two has sometimes been postulated. This paper argues that no such connection is convincing. The most striking resemblance is in the dualism of light and darkness in 1QS and John, but it functions differently in the two texts, and this theme in John can be adequately explained as a development from Jewish tradition independent of the specifically Qumran literature. 1QS and John represent independent, not related, developments of the imagery of light and darkness.]

Baumgarten, A.

• "Review of: L. H. Schiffman, Law, Custom, and Messianism in the Dead Sea Sect (in Hebrew)." Zion 58 (4 1993): 509-13.

Baumgarten, Joseph M.

Studies in Qumran Law (Studies in Judaism in Late Antiquity, vol. 24) (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1977)
• "Recent Qumran Discoveries and Halakhah in the Hellenistic-Roman Period." In Jewish Civilization in the Hellenistic-Roman Period in Jerusalem, S. Talmon (ed.) (Trinity Press International, 1991) 147-158.
• '"Scriptural Citations" in 4Q Fragments of the Damascus Document', JJS 43 (1992) 95-98.
• "The Purification Rituals in DJD 7" in The Dead Sea Scrolls. Forty Years of Research, D. Dimant and U. Rappaport (eds.) (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1992) 199-209.
• "Liquids and Susceptibility to Defilement" In Eleventh World Congress of Jewish Studies", D. Assaf (ed.) (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1993) 193-198.
• 'The Tohorot Texts - Legal and Theological Aspects of Purification' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: The ongoing analysis of the Cave 4 Tohora texts enables us to identify new distinguishing characteristics of the sectarian approach to purity. The widespread impression that the sect was invariably the most stringent in all areas of purity is not completely accurate. Thus, in consonance with the later Karaite exegesis, the verb rahas in some texts was taken to signify only washing, while tabal meant complete immersion. Initial washing after contamination was held to be adequate for eating ordinary food. On the other hand, the rites of parah adumah were construed rigorously to require their performance by priests, rather than the young boys used by the Pharisees for preparing the ashes and sprinkling the waters. Interestingly, the sprinkling waters, mey niddah , were apparently held to be effective, not only for corpse impurity, but for sexual uncleanness. There are hints of this in certain non-normative rabbinic sources.
  As to the theology of purification, the liturgical fragments indicate that immersion was associated with the divinely granted atonement and renewal of the ruah qodesh . This calls for new evaluation of the sources pertaining to the later preaching of Yohanan ha-Matbyl.]

Beall, T. S.

• Josephus's Description of the Essenes Illustrated by the Dead Sea Scrolls (SNTSM 58: Cambridge, 1988).

Bearman, Gregory H.

• see Phelps, Michael B. (1997).

Bechtel, Elizabeth

Beckwith, R.

• "The Earliest Enoch Literature and Its Calendar: Marks of Their Origin, Date and Motivation", RQ 10 (1981) 365-403.

Beek, M.

Belis, Mireille

• 'How to Establish the Original Link between the Scrolls and Their Wrappers' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: We cannot match the wrappers found in Cave 1 with their scrolls. The Bedouins took the manuscripts and removed the linen in which they were folded. There does not exist any photograph of the original shape of a scroll within its wrapper. Nevertheless, would it be possible to follow a method providing an answer to this particular question? My communication will describe:
  1. The linen wrappers found in the cave, and the twenty-two cloths showing lines of two blue wefts; special attention will be paid to the single cloth with an elaborate pattern of intertwining blue rectangles.
  2. The method which I imagine can be applied to the linen cloths and to the scrolls found in Cave 1 comprises a study of the traces left on each of the wrappers by the folds, the measures and the shapes of the damaged areas, and compares them with the original measures, and the degradations of the scrolls themselves. Prof. H. Stegemann has described a somewhat different method for the reconstruction of scrolls from scattered fragments. But, as rolling a scroll and folding a cloth around it is another matter, my own procedure, therefore, cannot be exactly the same. But the results of his method are very useful for my own research. My goal is to determine as far as possible if one of the wrappers could fit one of the still existing manuscripts. Because the blue lined rectangles are all different in the wrappers in which they have been woven, it could then be possible to understand if these varying ornaments have a particular meaning related to the content of the text itself.]

Benoit, Father Pierre

• DJD II (1961).
• Human Reality of Sacred Scripture Vol 10 (1964).
• How Does the Christian Confront the Old Testament (1967).
• Jesus and the Gospel (1973).
• Christmas: a Pictorial Pilgrimage (hard to find).
• Easter; a Pictorial Pilgrimage (hard to find).
• Jesus and the Gospel (hard to find).
• The Passion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ (hard to find).

Berger, Klaus

• Qumran and Jesus. Wahrheit unter Verschluss? (Stuttgart, 1993).

Bernstein, Moshe J.

• "'Walking in the Festivals of the Gentiles' 4QHosea a 2.15 -17 and Jubilees 6.34-38", JSP 9 (1991) 21-34.
• "4Q252 i 2. Biblical Text or Biblical Interpretation?" RQ 63 (1994) 421-427.
• "4Q252: From Re-Written Bible to Biblical Commentary", JJS 45 (1994) 1-27.
• "4Q252: Method and Context, Genre and Sources. A Response to George J. Brooke", JQR 85 (1-2 1994) 61-79.
• "Introductory Formulas for Citation and Re-Citation of Biblical Verses in the Qumran Pesharim: Observations on a Pesher Technique", DSD 1 (1 1994) 30-69.
• "Response to G. J. Brooke: The Thematic Content of 4Q252", JQR 85 (1994-95) 61-79.
• 'The Interpretation of the Book of Isaiah at Qumran' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: The Book of Isaiah was at Qumran one of the most popular works of what we characterize today as the Hebrew Bible. This fact is reflected in the approximately twenty manuscripts of Isaiah found in the caves, and in the five different pesharim on Isaiah found in Cave 4. Various other Qumran documents, such as CD, 4QFlorilegium, and 11QMelchizedek, also contain exegetical remarks on Isaiah. This paper will survey the scope and method of Qumran interpretation of Isaiah with an eye toward drawing a comprehensive portrait of the ways in which the Qumran community understood and interpreted this biblical book.]

Berrin, Shani L.

• 'Lemma/Pesher Correspondence' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: Herbert Basser in "Pesher Hadavar " (RQ 13, 1988) discusses the two antithetical meanings of the root p.sh.r: "loosening" and "coming together." Many of George Brooke's important discussions of the pesher genre reflect this duality, which may be expressed as tension between "revelation" and "exegesis," or between "atomization" and "correspondence." Etymologically, most Qumran scholars stress the "loosening" aspect of the term pesher . Textually, though, it is the close relationship between pesher and base-text which is stressed in most discussions of the genre. However, this relationship, or "correspondence," has meant different things to different people. To impose some order on the discussion, correspondence may be categorized into three types: numerical, exegetical, and contextual. All three are to be viewed as characteristic of the lemma/pesher relationship.
  The correspondence types are illustrated in this presentation by an analysis of 1QS 2:5-10. Though lacking any formulaic introductions or the word "pesher," this passage may reasonably be called "implicit pesher." Its particularly clear employment of "pesher -like" techniques provides a useful basis for description.
  With the parameters established, the nature of the lemma/pesher correspondence in col.1, of fag. 3-4 of Pesher Nahum is investigated. In Nahum 2:12-13, the prophet employs an extended lion metaphor to describe the status and fate of Nineveh, promising the divine destruction of the seemingly invincible Assyrian Empire. Nahum's depiction of the lion must appropriately reflect both the historical fate of Assyria and the natural behavior of lions. Correspondence between the pesher and its base-text must be sought in some or all of the concepts and elements of the lemma . Interpretations of the pesher must be evaluated in terms of their reflection of such correspondence.]

Betz, O.

• "Kurtzbericht über das Wissenschaftliche Kolloquium 'Akkulturation und Politische Ordnung in Hellenismus' vom 10.3-14.3 1994 in Berlin", QC 4 (3/4 1994) 135-138.
• "Report on the Symposium on the Dead Sea Scrolls at Austin, Texas", QC 4 (3/4 1994) 129-134.

Beyer, K.

• Die aramäischen Texte vom Toten Meer samt den Inschriften aus Palästina, dem Testament Levis aus der Kairoer Genisa, Der Fastenrolle und den alten talmudischen Zitaten (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1984). [a supplement completing the Aramaic texts was issued in 1994]

Bianchi, U.

Bickerman, Elias

• The Jews in the Greek Age (Cambridge, Mass., 1988).

Bietenhard, H.

Billington, James H.

Binyamin, B.

• "Birkat Ha-minim and the Ein Gedi Inscription", Immanuel 21 (1987) 68-77.

Birnbaum, Solomon A.

• The Qumran (Dead Sea) Scrolls and Palaeography (BASOR Supp. Studies 13-14: New Haven, 1952).
• The Hebrew Script (Leiden, 1971).

Bissoli, G.

• "Qumran", in Il Tempio Nella Letteratura Giudaica e Neotestamentaria (Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1994) 34-56.

Black, Matthew

• The Scrolls and Christian Origins (London, 1961).
• See Vermes, Geza (1973-87).

Boer, P. A. H. de

Bohak, G.

• Joseph and Aseneth and the Jewish Temple in Heliopolis Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, 1994.

Bonani, G.

• see Wölfi, W. (1991)

Booras, Steven W.

• 'Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS)' presented with Donald W. Parry and E. J. Wilson at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: The FARMS/BYU DSS Database comprises a comprehensive, fully indexed, and cross-linked computerized database of the Hebrew Bible and transcriptions of the non-biblical DSS texts, photographs of the scrolls, and translations. Many of the Database's functions were presented at the 1996 International Conference on the Dead Sea Scrolls, held at Brigham Young University. This presentation will focus on a single function of the Database that permits the user to access large quantities of textual material, simultaneously and instantaneously, while searching for single letters, words, phrases, and a combination of words.
  The database permits the user to perform both single and multiple word searches by the use of a WordWheel that lists every word with the number of occurrences of each word and a total count in a given text. The WordWheel presents the words in alphabetical order in the text language (Hebrew, English, Greek, etc.), and text windows are created by clicking on a word with the mouse.
  The search apparatus permits searching by using wildcards (* = multiple characters or ? = a single character), wherein the user types in three or four characters of a word (which may appear at the beginning, middle, or end of the word, and which may also appear on one, two, or three different lines) and then the search engine seeks all attestations of the characters in the DSS library.
  Wildcard searches have assisted the presenters in identifying previously unidentified scroll fragments from 4QSama. We will provide specific examples of successful searches by using the search apparatus. The presentation will be carefully choreographed. Donald Parry will formally present the paper while Steven Booras demonstrates the database by using a computer (we will enlarge the computer screen by using a LCD plate, overhead projector, and screen).]

Bornkamm, G.

Bouard, Michel de

Bousset, W.

Boyd-Alkalay, Esther

• see Libman, Elena (1997).

Boyer, P.

Braun, F.-M.

Brin, G.

• "The Laws of the Prophets in the Sect of the Judaean Desert: Studies in 4Q375", JSP 10 (1992) 19-51.
• "Regarding the Connection Between the Temple Scroll and the Book of Jubilees", JBL 112 (1993) 108-109.
• Issues in the Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls (Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 1994) (in Hebrew).
• Studies in Biblical Law: From the Hebrew Bible to the Dead Sea Scrolls (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1994).

Brooke, George J.

• "The Temple Scroll and the archaeology of Qumran, 'Ain Feshkha and Masada", RQ 13 (1-4 1988) 225-237.
• Temple Scroll Studies ____ (ed.) (Sheffield, U.K., 1989).
• "The Temple Scroll and LXX Exodus 35-40", in Septuagint, Scrolls and Cognate Writings, G.J. Brooke and B. Lindars (eds.) 33. (Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1992) 81-106.
• "The Textual Tradition of the Temple Scroll and Recently Published Manuscripts of the Pentateuch", in The Dead Sea Scrolls. Forty Years of Research, D. Dimant and U. Rappaport (eds.) (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1992) 261-282.
• Septuagint, Scrolls and Cognate Writings, ___ and B. Lindars (eds.) 33 (Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1992).
• "4Q254 Fragments 1 and 4, and 4Q254 a", in Eleventh World Congress of Jewish Studies in Jerusalem, D. Assaf (ed.) (Magnes Press, 1993) 185-192.
• "The Thematic Content of 4Q252", JQR 85 (1994-95) 33-59.
• 'Biblical Interpretation in the Qumran Scrolls and the New Testament' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: The principal purpose of this paper will be to argue that though there are many similarities in method in the handling of scriptural traditions in both the Qumran Scrolls and the New Testament, there is less overlap in content than is often supposed. Examples will be given to illustrate this thesis from five areas of exegesis: the legal use of scripture, the narrative use, the admonitory use, the poetic and liturgical use, and the prophetic use. The most widely known kind of scriptural interpretation which is considered to be characteristic of the community responsible for many of the sectarian scrolls from Qumran is that of pesher . This kind of interpretation of prophetic scriptural texts in the Qumran Scrolls is often thought to lie behind many of the fulfillment quotations in the New Testament. It will be argued, however, that as in other kinds of scriptural interpretation, the differences between Qumran and the New Testament are as important as the similarities. Thus whereas in large measure the interpretation of scripture in the pesharim is controlled by the text of scripture itself, in the New Testament, fulfillment quotations function merely
  to illustrate the authority of a narrative based on other assumptions. Overall the paper will make a plea for scriptural interpretation in the Scrolls and the New Testament to be set alongside one another, not so that differences dissolve but for the better understanding of the handling of authoritative traditions in both bodies of texts.]

Broshi, Magen.

• see Wölfi, W. (1991).
• "The Archaeology of Qumran. A Reconsideration." in The Dead Sea Scrolls. Forty Years of Research, D. Dimant and U. Rappaport (eds.) (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1992) 103-115.
• The Damascus Document Reconsidered, ____ (ed.) (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society and Shrine of the Book, 1992).
• 'The Study of Ink Used at Qumran' presented with Yoram Nir-el at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: The Qumran scrolls were written with a black ink. Ancient black inks were of two types: carbon ink, based on lampblack or soot; and iron-gall ink, consisting of copperas (green vitriol, iron (II) sulfate hepta-hydrate), treated with a decoction of crushed oak-nut galls. A very rare application of red ink on the Qumran manuscripts was found on only four fragments. Red ink was used in antiquity to write rubrics, that is, words at the beginning of a chapter, words at paragraph divisions, titles, or instructions for liturgical readings. In the present study, energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was employed for the specification of the chemical elements present in the Qumran black and red inks. This non-destructive analytical method does not require preliminary sample treatment and no residual effects are induced in the sample. The black ink analyses, of many parchment and papyrus fragments, provided evidence that it was not of the iron-gall type. Hence, it was based on a carbonaceous pigment. An iron-based black ink was invented, according to the Babylonian Talmud, by the Tanna Rabbi Meir (second century CE). This makes the introduction of the new ink to have occurred a short time after the disappearance of the Qumran community. The very severe degradation in badly decayed inscribed regions of some Qumran scrolls, mainly in the Genesis Apocryphon, is explained by the presence of binding constituents and metal ions in the black ink, and by adverse environmental changes (relative humidity, temperature). The XRF analyses showed that the red ink was based on a mercury compound, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) was also employed for the identification of the red pigment, which was found to be the mineral mercury sulfide (HgS), known usually by the name cinnabar. The significant archaeological and historical aspects of this unique finding are discussed, and a route of importing this expensive material (first century BC), from the mine near Almaden in Spain, via Rome, to Jericho and Qumran, is proposed.]

Brown, R. E.

Brownlee, W. H.

• 'The Jerusalem Habakkuk Scroll', BASOR 112 (1948) 8-18.
• see Burrows, M. (1950).
• The Dead Sea Manual of Discipline, Translation and Notes, BASOR Supplementary Studies 10-12 (New Haven, 1951).
• 'The Scroll of Ezekiel from the Eleventh Qumran Cave', RQ 4 (1963-64) 11-28.

Bruce, F. F.

• Second Thoughts on the Dead Sea Scrolls (London, 1956).
• Biblical Exegesis in the Qumran Texts (Grand Rapids, Mich., 1959).

Bultmann, R.

Burkes, S.

• "Methods of Investigation of the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Khirbet Qumran Site: Present Realities and Future Prospects", JBL 115 (1994) 185-186.

Burnham, Irene

Burrows, Millar

• The Dead Sea Scrolls of St. Marks Monastery, ____ , J. C. Trever and W. H. Brownlee (eds), 2 fascs. (New Haven: The American Schools of Oriental Research, 1950 and 1951).
• The Dead Sea Scrolls (New York, 1955; London, 1956).
• More Light on the Dead Sea Scrolls (New York, 1958).
• Documents Bearing on the History of the Judean Desert Sect, ___, J. Trever, W.H. Brownlee, and D. Barthélemy (eds.), classroom edition (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1992) (in Hebrew).

Burton, D., J. B. Poole and R. Reed

• 'A new approach to the Dating of the Dead Sea Scrolls', Nature 184 (1959) 533-534.

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Cameron, R.

Cansdale, Lena

• 'The Qumran Scrolls: A 2000 Year Old Apple of Discord', in Ancient History: Resources for Teachers 21, no. 2 (Macquarie University 1991) 98-99.
• "Women Members of the Yahad according to the Qumran Scrolls" in Eleventh World Congress of Jewish Studies in Jerusalem, D. Assaf (ed.) (Magnes Press, 1993) 215-222.
• "The Name of Qumran in Post-Biblical and Modern Times", QC 4 (3/4 1994) 157-168.
• 'The Metamorphosis of the Name "Qumran"' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: The name "Qumran" by which the ancient ruins on the western shore of the Dead Sea are known today has come into use only in modern times. We have no sources available to tell us what the settlement was called when it flourished in antiquity.
  Two names have been suggested for the settlement when it was first established during the Judean Monarchy period c. 800 BCE; "City of Salt" and "Seccacah". The paper will argue for the more likely choice. For the Second Temple period the name "Citadel of the Pious" has been suggested and will be discussed.
  The main part of the paper will concentrate on 19th century explorers and travelers and will trace the possible derivation of the name Qumran from their writings. It will also be suggested that the name could have come down to us from antiquity through the connection of the Dead Sea area with a flourishing perfume industry.]

Carmi, Israel.

• see Wölfi, W. (1991)
• 'Dating Dead Sea Scrolls by Radiocarbon' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: Radiocarbon and the epoch of the Dead Sea Scroll began close to the founding of the State of Israel and had a brief encounter when W.F.Libby, the inventor of radiocarbon dating, proudly measured the age of the fabric that wrapped a scroll and Yigael Yadin used his data to anchor the time of writing of the scroll.
  Following this brief encounter the two disciplines went their own separate ways for some 40 years and met again in the early 90s. Radiocarbon could not be used during this time because it required several grams of organic matter for dating. For the scrolls this implied
  a decision between "Scrolls or Dates", with the obvious decision for "Scrolls". During this time interval the discipline of the Dead Sea Scrolls studies refined the dating of scrolls by paleographic analysis, to a resolution of a few decades.
  Radiocarbon is produced steadily in the atmosphere and is incorporated in all living matter in a constant proportion relative to its total carbon. When this matter dies it no longer incorporates fresh radiocarbon from the atmosphere and its radiocarbon content now begins to be lost because of radioactive disintegration. This reduces the ratio at a constant rate, so that after 5,700 years (t1/2) only 50% of the original ratio is retained in the matter. This constant rate of decay is the base of radiocarbon dating.
  During the 80s, a method of radiocarbon dating that requires minute samples (2 mg of carbon) was brought to maturity (AMS) and this made possible a new series of dating of scrolls. The request for objective dating gained weight in the scrolls community and in 1990 a first series of scrolls were dated in the Zurich AMS facility. In 1995 a second series of samples were dated in the Tucson facility. The Zurich series was used for calibration with scrolls of known ages and the Tucson series included some samples of unknown ages. The agreement between dates of the same scroll in the two laboratories is perfect and the agreement of the dates of the two labs with scrolls of known ages is excellent. The road is now opened for objective dating of Dead Sea Scrolls as necessary.]

Carmignac, Jean

• "Les Rapports entre l'Ecclésiastique et Qumrân", RQ 3 (1961) 209-218.
• Christ and the Teacher of Righteousness (Baltimore, 1962).
• "L'infinitif absolu chez Ben Sira et à Qumrán" RQ 12 (1986) 251-261.

Cavallin, H. C.

Chamberlain, J. V.

Charles, R. H.

• The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1913).

Charlesworth, James H.

• The Pseudepigrapha and Modern Research, With a Supplement (Septuagint and Cognate Studies Series ; No. 7) pbk. ed. (1981).
• History of the Rechabites : The Greek Recension (Texts and Translations, No 17) Vol 1 ____ (ed.), pbk. ed. (1982).
• The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha : Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments Vol. 1 ____ (ed.) (fasc. 1; Garder City, 1983).
• The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha and the New Testament: Prolegomena for the Study of Christian Origins Vol 54 (1985).
• Old Testament Pseudepigrapha : Expansions of the 'Old Testament' and Legends, Wisdom and Philosophical Literature, Prayers, Psalms, and Odes, Fragments ..., Vol. 2 ____ (ed.) (fasc. 2; Garder City, 1985).
• Discovery of a Dead Sea Scroll (4QTherapeia : Its Importance in the History of Medicine and Jesus Research) pbk. ed. (1985).
• Old Testament Pseudepigrapha (1986).
• The New Testament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha : A Guide to Publications, With Excursuses on Apocalypses (Atla Bibliography Series, No 17) ____ and James R. Mueller (eds.) (1987).
• Jesus Within Judaism : New Light from Exciting Archaeological Discoveries (Anchor Bible Reference Library) (1988).
• Paul and the Dead Sea Scrolls (Christian Origins Library) Jerome Murphy-O'Connor and ____ (eds.) pbk. ed. (1990).
• Jews and Christians : Exploring the Past, Present, and Future (Shared Ground Among Jews and Christians : A Series of Explorations Volume I) Vol 1 (1990).
• John and the Dead Sea Scrolls (Christian Origins Library) ____ (ed.) (New York, 1990).
• Graphic Concordance to the Dead Sea Scrolls (Princeton Theological Seminary Dead Sea Scrolls Project) ____ (ed.) (1991).
• The Messiah (The Anchor Bible Reference Library) ____ (ed.) (1991).
• The Scrolls and the New Testament (Christian Origins Library) Krister Stendahl and ____ (eds.) pbk. ed. (1991).
• "Qumran in Relation to the Apocrypha, Rabbinic Judaism, and Nascent Christianity: Impacts on University Teaching of Jewish Civilization in the Hellenistic-Roman Period" in Jewish Civilization in the Hellenistic-Roman Period in Jerusalem, S. Talmon (ed.) (Trinity Press International, 1991) 168-180.
• What Has Archaeology to Do With Faith? (Faith and Scholarship Colloquies) ____ and Walter P. Weaver (eds.) pbk. ed. (1992).
• The Messiah : Developments in Earliest Judaism and Christianity : The First Princeton Symposium on Judaism and Christian Origins ____ (ed.) (1992).
• Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls ____ (ed.) (Garden City, N.Y., 1992).
• 'The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Historical Jesus', in Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls ____ (ed.) (Garden City, N.Y., 1992) 1-74.
• "The Princeton Theological Seminary Dead Sea Scrolls Project", JSP 10 (1992) 5-10.
• Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls (1993).
• Overcoming Fear Between Jews and Christians (Shared Ground Among Jews and Christians, Vol 3) ____, et al (1993).
• The Dead Sea Scrolls : Rule of the Community and Related Documents : Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek Texts With English Translations (Princeton Theologica) Volume 1 Rule of the Community and Related Documents, ____ (ed.), sith F. M. Cross, J. Milgrom, E. Qimron, L. H. Schiffman, L. T. Stuckenbruck and R. E. Whitaker (Tübingen: J. C. B Mohr and Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1994).
• The Lord's Prayer and Other Prayer Texts from the Greco-Roman Era ____, et al (1994).
• The Old and New Testaments : Their Relationship and the 'Intertestamental' Literature (Faith and Scholarship Colloquies) ____ and Walter P. Weaver (eds.) pbk. ed. (1994).
• Images of Jesus Today (Faith and Scholarship Colloquies, No 3) ____ and Walter P. Weaver (eds.) pbk. ed. (1994a).
• The Pseudepigrapha and Early Biblical Interpretation (JSP Supplement) ____ , et al (eds.) (1994).
• The Dead Sea Scrolls. Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek Texts with English Translations. Vol. 1, Rule of the Community and Related Documents. The Princeton Theological Seminary Dead Sea Scrolls Project. Charlesworth, J. H. (ed.) (Tübingen/Louisville, KY: J. C. B. Mohr (Siebeck), 1994).
• Qumran Questions. (Biblical Seminar Ser No 36) pbk. ed. ((1995).
• The Faith of Qumran : Theology of the Dead Sea Scrolls ____, Helmer Ringgren, et al (eds.) pbk. ed. (1995).
• Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls (The Anchor Bible Reference Library) pbk. ed. (1995).
• Earthing Christologies : From Jesus' Parables to Jesus the Parable (Faith and Scholarship Colloquies) ____ and Walter P. Weaver (eds.) pbk. ed. (1995).
• The Pseudepigrapha and the New Testament (Christian Origins Library) pbk. ed. (1995).
• The Beloved Disciple : Whose Witness Validates the Gospel of John? (1995).
• The Dead Sea Scrolls : Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek Texts With English Translations : Damascus Document, War Scroll, and Related Documents (Princeton th Vol 2 ____ , et al (eds.) (1995).
• The First Christian Hymnbook : The Odes of Solomon pbk. ed. (1995).
• The Dead Sea Scrolls : Rule of the Community ____ , et al (eds.) (1996).
• Jesus Jewishness pbk. ed. (1996).
• Hillel and Jesus : Comparisons of Two Major Religious Leaders ____ and Loren L. Johns (eds.) (1997).
• The Dead Sea Scrolls; Angelic Liturgy, Prayers, and Psalms, vol. 4 Vol 4 (1997).
• The New Discoveries in St. Catherine's Monastery : a Preliminary Report on the Manuscripts (hard to find).
• 'The Dead Sea Scrolls and the New Testament' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: The discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls and research upon them have significantly enriched our understanding of Second Temple Judaism and the origins of the concepts and writings in the so-called New Testament. Methodologically, it is imperative to ascertain the ideas and technical terms peculiar to the Qumranites and to focus solely on them in seeking to discern possible influences from Qumran upon the NT. Thus, it is imperative to eliminate a possible relationship between Qumran and the NT from traditions and terms that are also found in the Hebrew Scriptures and Jewish writings that also antedate 70 CE. The lecture will evaluate Qumran influences upon John the Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth, and try to explain the widely recognized Qumran influences upon the Gospels of Matthew and John and the writings from the Pauline School.]

Chazon, Esther G.

• A Liturgical Document from Qumran and Its Implications: "Words of the Luminaries" (4QDibHam) (in Hebrew) Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1991.
• "4QDibHam: Liturgy or Literature?", RQ (1992).
• "Is Divrei ha-me'orot a Sectarian Prayer?" in The Dead Sea Scrolls. Forty Years of Research, D. Dimant and U. Rappaport (eds.) (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1992) 3-17.
• "On the Special Character of Sabbath Prayer: New Data from Qumran", Journal of Jewish Music and Liturgy 15 (1992-1993) 1-21.
• "New Liturgical Manuscripts from Qumran" in Eleventh World Congress of Jewish Studies, D. Assaf (ed.) (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1993) 207-214.
• "Prayers from Qumran and Their Historical Implications", DSD 1 (3 1994) 266-284.
• 'The Function of the Qumran Prayer Texts' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  [Abstract: The Qumran sect's secession from the Jerusalem Temple created a cultic and spiritual vacuum in the life of that community. This vacuum was filled in large measure by prayer which was conceptualized as "an offering of the lips" (1QS 9:5). Prayer's role at Qumran as a substitute for the Temple cult fostered its development there as a communal, religious institution of worship on fixed occasions (daily, weekly, monthly, and annually). At the same time, as the primary mode of service to and contact with God, prayer flourished at Qumran as a multi-faceted religious phenomenon. Thus, besides fulfilling ritual requirements, providing steady worship, offering constant praise and petitioning for daily needs, prayer also became a medium for experiencing the heavenly realm, a part of eschatological preparations, and a means of affirming commitment to the divine law and sectarian rules. This paper will categorize and characterize the principal functions of the hundreds of prayer texts preserved at Qumran, thereby providing a broad perspective for more specialized research. A main focus of such research will be prayers said on a daily basis which surely must have held a central place and formative position in religious life and thought.]

Chiesa, Bruno

• 'Biblical and Parabiblical Texts from Qumran' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: The recent publication of a number of Qumran texts clearly related to the Biblical writings, but offering a different arrangement of the contents, not to say additional materials, obliges us to rethink the question of the Biblical "canon" and, more generally, the question of the status of the Biblical writings at the end of the Second Temple period. As appears from studies by M. Kister (RB 97, 1990, 63-67) and R. Bauckham ("Memorial Starcky" II, 1992, 437-445), it seems highly probable that the "Biblical" corpus was at that time more extensive than the one familiar to us. A systematic research into the first Christian works is likely to disclose not only unexpected parallels to some Qumran texts, but also to offer a key for a strictly historically oriented understanding of the progressive constitution of a Biblical "canon".]

Clermont-Ganneau, Charles S.

• Archaeological Researches in Palestine during the Years 1873-1874 vol 2 (London, 1896).
• From the Maccabees to the Mishnah (Philadelphia, 1987).

Cohen, N.G.

• "Josephus and Scripture: Is Josephus' Treatment of the Scriptural Narrative Similar Throughout the Antiquities 1-11?" JQR 54 (4 1964) 311-332.
• Jewish Names and Their Significance in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods in Asia Minor. Notes and Appendices (in Hebrew) (1969).

Collins, John Joseph

• 'A Pre-Christian "Son of God" Among the Dead Sea Scrolls', BR (June 1993) 34-39.
• "The Works of the Messiah" Sample Issue (1994) 1-15.
• see Wise, Michael O. (1994).
• 'Qumran Apocalypticism and the New Testament' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: Apocalypticism was a world view first developed in Judaism in the books of Enoch and Daniel in the late third or early second centuries BCE. Its distinctive features were a claim to a special kind of revelation, interest in the heavenly world and expectation of a final judgment that would entail reward and punishment of the dead. These books were influential at Qumran, but the sect modified the apocalyptic world view in important ways. Instead of angelic visions, they relied on inspired exegesis as their primary mode of revelation, and they claimed to enjoy in the present the fellowship with the angels that was promised to the righteous after death in Enoch and Daniel.
  Jesus of Nazareth bears some superficial similarity to the Teacher of Righteousness insofar as both claim to preach an eschatological message, in the manner of the prophet in Isaiah 61. Their messages, however, were very different, and there is no good evidence that the Teacher was ever regarded as a messiah. The early church resembles the Qumran community insofar as both are apocalyptic communities, that believed they were living in the end of days. The drama of salvation had begun, although the final deliverance was yet to come. But the ethos of the two groups was vastly different. The Dead Sea sect was focused on the Torah, while Christianity became anti-nomian in some (but not all) of its forms. Christianity also attached much more importance to the idea of resurrection, and the veneration of Christ had no real parallel at Qumran.]

Cook, Edward. M.

• see Wise, Michael O. (1996).

Cooke, J.

• "On the Relationship between 11QPsa and the Septuagint on the Basis of the Computerized Data Base (CAQP)", in Septuagint, Scrolls and Cognate Writings, G.J. Brooke and B. Lindars (eds.) (Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press, 1992) 107-130.

Copeland, Miles

Coppens, J.

Cotton, Hannah M.

• "The Guardianship of Jesus Son of Babatha: Roman and Local Law in Province of Arabia" JRS 83 (1993) 94-108.
• "A Cancelled Marriage Contract from the Judean Desert" JRS 84 (1994) 64-86.
• "Loan with Hypothec: Another Papyrus from the Cave of Letters?" ZPE 101 (1994) 53-60.
• "The Economic Importance of Herod's Masada: The Evidence of the Jar Inscriptions", ____ and J. Geiger, in Judaea and the Greco-Roman World in the Time of Herod in Light of Archaeological Evidence, K. Fittschen and G. Foerster (eds.) (Göttingen: Vandenhoech and Ruprecht, 1989) 163-170.
• "Babatha's Property and the Law of Succession in the Babatha Archive", ____ and J.C. Greenfield, ZPE 104 (1994) 211-224.
• 'The Diplomatics of the Greek Documents from the Judean Desert: Linguistic and Legal Aspects' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: Diplomatics include the external features of the documents which to varying degrees throw light on legal and social aspects of the society in which they were written. Therefore, the diplomatics of the documents from the Judean Desert can tell us about Jewish society at the time. The following elements are included:
  1. The material on which the documents are written.
  2. The layout of the documents (e.g. double document or single document).
  3. The relationship between inner and outer text.
  4. The direction of writing, viz. against or along the fibres.
  5. The languages employed in the several parts of the document(s).
  6. The presence or absence of subscriptions; the function of the subscriber vis-a-vis that of the scribe.
  7. The witnesses (technical aspects of placing their signatures; number of witnesses etc.).
  8. Dating formulae and the order of the several dates.
  9. The presence or absence of a legal representative (guardian) in the case of women, and their precise function.
  I propose to give a short survey of the corpus Greek documentary texts from the Judean Desert, both published and unpublished, based on E. Tov with the collaboration of
  S. J. Pfann, The Dead Sea Scrolls on Microfiche , Companion Volume (Revised edition: Leiden, 1995) and on H. M. Cotton, W. Cockle and F. Millar, "The Papyrology of the Roman Near East: A Survey," JRS 85 (1995) 214-35.
  The Greek documentary texts from the Judean Desert should be seen in three contexts:
  1. The documentary texts in other languages from the Judean Desert, namely Hebrew, Aramaic and Nabatean.
  2. The rapidly growing corpus of Greek papyri from the Aramaic speaking Roman Near East.
  3. Egyptian papyrology.
  Although written in several languages, the papyri from the Judean Desert emerged from a single Jewish society of non-Hellenized or only semi-Hellenized Jews. What does the use of the several languages tell us about this society? Does the use of one language, as against others, determine no more than the diplomatics of the documents, or does it reveal to us the coexistence of different legal systems within this society?]

Coüasnon, P.

Couroyer, B.

Crawford, Sidnie White

• '4Q158 as a Manuscript of 4QReworked Pentateuch' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: 4Q158 was originally published by John Allegro in 1968 as a separate manuscript under the title "A Biblical Paraphrase: Genesis, Exodus." However, the editors of 4QReworked Pentateuch (4Q364-367), Emanuel Tov and Sidnie White Crawford, identified in 1992 4Q158 as a fifth manuscript of 4QRP. The paper will first explore the reasons for that identification:
  1. 4Q158 contains a running biblical text interlaced with exegetical additions.
  2. 4Q158 uses a "proto-Samaritan" base text, as does 4QRP.
  3. 4Q158 contains the same type of changes to the biblical text as 4QRP, namely the juxtaposition of non-sequential biblical texts on the basis of subject, the rearrangement of biblical texts, and the insertion of hitherto unknown material into the biblical text (often for harmonizing purposes).
  Next, the paper will present three fragments from 4Q158, frgs. 1-2, frg. 4, and frgs. 7-8, which contain changes and/or exegetical additions to 4Q158's base text (the so-called proto-Samaritan text). The paper will discuss the purpose of the changes and the additions, and compare these to similar examples from 4Q364-367, thereby bringing 4Q158 into the broader context of 4QReworked Pentateuch.]

Cross, Frank Moore - 1996 Interview by Benjamin H. Kleine

• Early Hebrew Orthography : A Study of the Epigraphic Evidence ____, Jr. and David N. Freeman (pbk; 1952).
• The Ancient Library of Qumran and Modern Biblical Studies (London, 1958), rev. 2nd ed. (London; Garden City: Anchor Books, 1961; Grand Rapids, 1980; pbk. ed. 1982), rev. and ext. 3rd ed. (Sheffield Academic Press, 1995), pbk. ed. (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1995). [The 1995 pbk. ed., titled The Ancient Library of Qumran, is so shabbily constructed that it starts falling apart during the first hour of reading.]
• 'The Development of the Jewish Scripts', in The Bible and the Ancient Near East. Essays in Honor of William Foxwell Albright G. E. Wright (ed.) (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1961) 133-202.
• 'Discovery of the Samaritan Papyri' , BA 26 (1963) 110-121.
• 'The Development of the Jewish Scripts', The Bible and the Ancient Near East. Essays in Honor of William Foxwell Albright, G. E. Wright (ed.) (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1961) 133-202 and (Garden City, N.Y., 1965) 170-264.
• Scrolls from the Wilderness of the Dead Sea, ____ and M. E. Stone (eds.) (Berkeley: American Schools of Oriental Research, 1965)
• 'Papyri of the Fourth Century BC from Daliyeh: A Preliminary Report on Their Discovery and Significance', New Directions in Biblical Archaeology, D. N. Freedman and J. C. Greenfield (eds.) (Garden City: Doubleday and Co., 1971) 45-69.
• Scrolls from the Qumran Cave 1: The Great Isaiah Scroll, The Order of the Community, the Pesher to Habakkuk, ____, et al. (eds.) (Cambridge and Jerusalem: Albright Institute of Archaeological Research and the Shrine of the Book, 1972).
• Qumran and the History of the Biblical Text, ____ and S. Talmon (eds.) (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975).
• Qumran and the History of the Biblical Text, ____ and S. Talmon (eds.) (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975).
• 'Samaria Papyrus I: An Aramaic Slave Conveyance of 335 BCE found in the Wadi ed-Daliyeh', EI 18 (1985) 7-17.
• 'A Report on the Samaria Papyri', XII Congress of the IOSOT, J. A. Emerton, (ed.) (Leiden, 1988).
• Amos : A Commentary on the Book of Amos, Shalom M. Paul and ____ (eds.) (1991).
• See Charlesworth, James H., Princeton Theologica, vol. 1 (1994).
• Frank Moore Cross : Conversations With a Bible Scholar ____ and Hershel Shanks (ed.) (1994).
• DJD XII (1994).
• DJD XIV (1995).
• Studies in Ancient Yahwistic Poetry (Biblical Resource Series) ____ et al (pbk. ed.; 1997).
• Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic; Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel (Cambridge, 1973; pbk. ed., 1997).

Crown, Alan

• 'An Alternative View of the Nature of the Qumran Settlement' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: There is ample evidence that in the century before the fall of the temple the area around Qumran was teeming with people and that Qumran itself was a township that served as a node in the caravan and transit trade between the coast, Jerusalem and Arabia. It was one of a chain of townships and fortresses that was built by the Hasmoneans for the purpose of defense and supply.
  The township had no relationship to the Essenes. They lived well to the south at En Geddi as stated by Pliny and other witnesses and confirmed by the Romans in the conquest of Jerusalem when, as part of their reduction of the south, they built the Ascent of the Essenes from En Geddi to Jerusalem and not from Qumran. The large cemetery with nearly a thousand graves remains a key factor. It has been argued that it was the central burial site for the garrisons in the vicinity. It may well have been the burial plot for travelers prevented from going to Jerusalem when they had some sickness. Jerusalem was in many respects a protected and 'clean' city.
  It is one thing to argue that Qumran could not have been an Essene site on functional grounds. It is another task that falls to this sort of criticism to explain away the scrolls which gave the Essene identification in the first place. What then were the scrolls that were found at Qumran if they were not Essene?
  As others, the author feels that they were a genizah. First, they lacked the book of Esther, not at all an accident but because the Talmud tells us that Esther was not a book which made the hands unclean and it was not intended to be a written tale but an oral performance. Esther was the one book of the Tanakh on which all agreed there need be no genizah. Then, none of the books can be shown to support a philosophy that was only Essene and not Jewish for others. The scrolls represent the latitudiarianism of the first century pre-destruction Jewish philosophies in a period when there were no Jewish sects at all but only "philosophical" differences. If one ignores the Essene identification one could make a case if one tried for the scrolls to represent the Samaritan point of view and Miqtsat Maase Torah makes a case for these scrolls to represent Klal Yisrael in a range of views. Since they do not represent one "sectarian" viewpoint, and since the site was a node with maximum traffic, since the Romans tell us the Essenes were at En Geddi and since it was the central burial ground for a region and for travelers, we can abandon the Essenes and look at the place as holding a genizah.[

Cullmann, O.

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Dacy, Marianne

• 'The Epistle to Barnabas and the Dead Sea Scrolls' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: The Epistle to Barnabas, an early Christian document, shows certain characteristics which mirror ideas in Qumran material, and the Judaism of Philo of Alexandria. These characteristics include: an allegorical method of biblical exegesis, the quotation of texts from the Hebrew Bible and their application to contemporary events, a communal ideal, a spirituality which reflects high ethical standards, and an emphasis on the concept of "da'at" knowledge. "For the Lord has made known to us though the prophets things past and things present and has given us the first fruits of the taste of things to come...." (Epistle of Barnabas 1.7).
  This latter concept of "da'at", as reflection on the interpretation of past, present and future, for example, and other aspects of this concept will be explored in more detail in Barnabas and a selection of Qumran texts such as I QS ix,17ff, I Qp Hab ii.14. etc. so as to gain an insight into a range of ideas current in first century Judaism in the milieu in which the nascent Church arose.]

Dahl, N. A.

Daise, Michael A.

• 'Biblical Creation Motifs in the Qumran Hodayot' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: In this paper I will address the question of how biblical creation motifs have been employed in the hymnic literature of Qumran, with particular attention given to the Hodayot (1QH and 4QH fragments). Since Gunkel's work a great deal of attention has been given to the questions of (1) the relationship between biblical and Ancient Near Eastern creation traditions and (2) how biblical creation imagery functioned in the life and faith of Israel. In the Second Temple Period a dramatic shift occurred in the tradition-history of biblical creation imagery, yet little work has been done to trace the changes which took place. Significant examples of this tradition-historical shift are found in the Qumran Hodayot. For instance, the chthonic theme of creation through the irrigation of dry land (used in Genesis 2: 4-25 to depict the making of the primal paradise) is used by the hymnist of 1QH 8.4f. to describe his role as the medium of the divine revelation to the Qumran community (cf. 1QH 8. 4-5 w/Gen 2:8-10). Similarly, the motif of the creation of humanity by fashioning a man out of dust or clay (characteristic of the Mesopotamian Eridu narrative tradition and adopted into Genesis 2:7) is employed throughout the Hodayot to characterize humanity's inherent frailty and sinfulness (cf. 1QH 1.21; 18.31 w/Gen 2:7). Furthermore, the theme of God placing luminaries in the sky to illumine the darkness (used in Genesis 1 to describe the cosmic inauguration of Israel's Heilsgeschichte ) is employed by the hymnist of 1QH 9 to describe his own divine deliverance from the oppression of his enemies (cf. 1QH 9.26-27 w/Gen 1:14-17). This paper will focus on these and other relevant Hodayot passages in order to (1) determine which biblical creation motifs the hymnist of the Hodayot drew upon and (2) discern how the form and function of those motifs were changed in order to serve the hymnists' contemporary religious expression.]

Dajani, Awni

Dalman, Gustav

Danielou, Cardinal Jean

Davidson, M. J.

Davies, P.

• "Communities in the Qumran Scrolls", PIBA 17 (1994) 55-68.

Davies, Philip R.

• Qumran (Guilford, 1982).
• 'How Not to Do Archaeology. The Story of Qumran', BA Dec. (1988) 203-207.
• 'Sadducees in the Dead Sea Scrolls?', in Qumran Cave Four--Special Report, Z. J. Kapera (ed.) (Cracow, 1991) 85-94.
• "The Prehistory of the Qumran Community" in The Dead Sea Scrolls. Forty Years of Research, D. Dimant and U. Rappaport (eds.) (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1992) 116-125.

Davies, W. D.

• Cambridge History of Judaism, Vol. 2: The Hellenistic Age, ____ and L. Finkelstein (eds.) (Cambridge, 1989).

Davila, J. R.

Dayan, Moshe

Deines, R.

• "Die Abwehr der Fremden in den Texten aus Qumran. Zum Verständnis der Fremdenfeindlichkeit in der Qumrangemeinde" in Die Heiden (1994) 59-91.

de Vaux, Father Roland

see Vaux, Père (Father) Roland de

Delcor, M.

• 'Cinq nouveaux psaumes esséniennes?', RQ 1, no. 1 (1958) 85-102.
• Les hymnes de Qumrán (hodayot) (Paris, 1962).

Del Medico, Henri E.

• L'Enigme des manuscrits de la Mer Morte (Paris, 1957).
• Le Myghe des Esséniens (Paris, 1958).

Dewey, A.

Dexinger, F.

Di Lella, A. A.

• "Qumran and the Geniza Fragments of Sirach", CBQ 24 (1962) 245-267.

Dimant, Devorah

• 'Qumran Sectarian Literature', Jewish Writings of the Second Temple Period, Michael Stone (ed.) (Philadelphia, 1984), 483-550.
• see Strugnell, John (1988).
• 'The Merkabah Vision in Second Ezekial (4Q385 4)', RQ 14 (1990) 331-348.
• 'New Light from Qumran on the Jewish Pseudepigrapha - 4Q390', STJD 11 (1991)
• The Dead Sea Scrolls: Forty Years of Research, ____ and U. Rappaport, eds., (Leiden: E. J. Brill and Jerusalem: Magnes, 1992).
• "A Synoptic Comparison of Parallel Sections in 4Q427 7, 4Q491 11, and 4Q471B", JQR 85 (1994-95) 157-161.
• Time to Prepare the Way in the Wildeness: Papers on the Dead Sea Scrolls, ____ and L. H. Schiffman (eds.) (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1995).
• 'The Qumran Library: Its Content and Character' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: The study of the Qumran documents is going through a genuine metamorphosis. The old picture which dominated the scene for over thirty years, that of a sectarian library, owned by a small separatist community, is being replaced by the much wider perspective of a rich collection of literary documents, which belonged to a main current in Second Temple Judaism. Such a picture emerges from the constant flow of new publications, and from the complete list of the Qumran manuscripts put now at the disposal of scholars. Besides some 230 biblical manuscripts the library contained nearly 190 manuscripts of sectarian works, and around 240 manuscripts of other compositions which do not contain terminology and ideas typical of the Qumran community. It is this elusive group which has produced most of the surprises. It contains many apocryphal and pseudepigraphic works, some of which were previously known (such as Tobit, 1 Enoch, Jubilees), but many were not. In addition, a number of exegetical compositions, expanding and interpreting the Bible in various ways also came into light. They provide a link between the exegesis found in the late biblical books (such as Chronicles, Ezra-Nehemiah) and that of the later rabbinic midrashim. No less intriguing is the group of Aramaic texts, mostly dealing with haggadic stories about biblical patriarchs. All these documents open new vistas on ancient post-biblical Judaism and on the background and origin of first century Christianity.]

Doering, Lutz

• 'Purity Regulations concerning the Sabbath in the Dead Sea Scrolls' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: In the Dead Sea Scrolls there is a series of purity regulations applying to the sanctification of the Sabbath, such as an obligatory ritual purification before the onset of the Sabbath, a prohibition of wearing filthy clothes, and an interdict of intermingling voluntarily on the Sabbath. Similar concerns are indicated by the prohibition of sexual intercourse on the Sabbath according to the Book of Jubilees, a practice obviously also observed by the early Hasidim. A Sabbath limit of normally 1000 cubits according to the Damascus Document would make it impossible to visit the place of the hand in order to relieve oneself
  on the Sabbath, the latter being situated at a distance of 2000 cubits (thus the War Scroll) or even 3000 cubits (thus the Temple Scroll) from the settlement; a similar restriction is reflected in Josephus's account of the Essenes (War 2:147). Besides the questions of carrying the usual mattock, of digging and of covering the excrement on the Sabbath (which actually would not be necessary with regard to the toilet facility according to the Temple Scroll), this restriction may also have a bearing on ritual purity on the Sabbath. In the communication, the purity regulations concerning the Sabbath will be analyzed and be compared with pertinent prescriptions in rabbinic literature. It will be shown that ritual purity on the Sabbath, though not unknown in rabbinic halakha, is a special concern of the priestly halakha represented by the Dead Sea Scrolls and related literature.]

Dombrowski, B. W. W.

• Ideological and Socio-Structural Developments of the Qumran Association as Suggested by the Internal Evidence of Dead Sea Scrolls: Part 1: Major Texts Mainly of Qumran Cave 1, CD and 4QMMT. Qumranica Mogilanensia. (Kraków: Enigma Press, 1994).

Donceel, Robert

• "The Archaeology of Khirbit Qumran", ____ and Donceel-Voûte, Dr. Pauline H. E. in Methods of Investigation of the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Khirbet Qumran Site : Present Realities and Future Prospects (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences) Michael O. Wise, Norman Golb, et al (eds.) (1994) 1-38.

Donceel-Voûte, Dr. Pauline H. E.

• '"Coenaculum" - La salle à l'étage du Locus 30 à Khirbet Qumrân sur la mer Morte', Banquets de l'Orient Res Orientales 4 (1992) 61-84.
• See Donceel, Robert (1994).

Donfried, Karl P.

• 'Paul and the Community of the Renewed Covenant: Convergence and Divergence' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: Paul identified himself as a Pharisee. What kind of a Pharisee was he; what does he mean by using this self-descriptor and how is it that at a number of key points in 1 Thessalonians, his earliest letter, striking similarities to the thought of the community(s) reflected in foundational documents of the Dead Sea Scrolls (henceforth: yahad) occur both conceptually and linguistically? If Paul is effected by this stream of thought within the pluralism of Second Temple Judaism, can one locate more precisely the point(s) of contact or association? Are the specific terminology and the broader conceptual similarities between the two mediated through earliest Christianity or was the pre-Christian Paul already influenced by the prophetic movement of the yahad?
  In addition to certain eschatological/apocalyptic similarities, other convergent patterns are reflected in the themes of election and the calling of God, holiness/sanctification, the light/day/night/darkness contrasts and the wrath/salvation dualism. Also, closer examination of the exhortation, 1 Thess 5:12-22, may indicate further influence of yahad language and thought.
  For Paul justification is one way to articulate the controlling conception of election. Once this is recognized, then it is necessary to examine in detail the relationship between Paul and the yahad not only in terms of their shared use of the concept of election/predestination, but also such other interconnected, but at times divergent, concepts as sin, works of the law (4QMMT) and salvation.
  At critical points it is, both positively and negatively, the influence of yahad, rather than the Pharisaic-rabbinic tradition that is determinative in shaping Paul's pre-Christian Judaism. Does Paul's contact with the yahad Community of the Renewed Covenant facilitate his own dissent from the brand of Pharisaic Judaism that had shaped his own spirituality? Does this tension within Judaism predispose him toward the Jesus movement and its proposed solution to the very issues that had been and were still central to Paul's own religious reflection?]

Dorner, G. R.

Driver, Sir Godfrey Rolles

• The Judaean Scrolls. The Problem and a Solution (Oxford, 1965).
• 'Myths of Qumran', ALUOS 6 (1966-68) 23-40.
• 'Mythology of Qumran', JQR 71 (1970) 241-281.

Drori, Amir

Duchesne-Guillemin, J.

Duhaime, Jean

• 'Recent Studies on Messianism in the Dead Sea Scrolls' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: The synthetic view of Qumran messianism elaborated by J. Starky in 1963 has remained the standard a few decades. However, the release of all available texts from Qumran in the early 1990s has prompted new studies which raise important theoretical and methodological problems. This paper will explore some of them by comparing the aims and methods of a few recent studies of messianic texts from Qumran. Attention will be paid to various decisions made by the researchers on the following questions:
  Is the study limited to those texts which display a messianic vocabulary (e.g. MSYH), or to those in which a messianic "concept" is found?
  Is the study limited to texts found at Qumran, to "sectarian" texts, etc.?
  How are fragmentary texts dealt with?
  Among the studies to be reviewed are: F. García Martínez, "Messianische Erwartungen in den Qumranschriften", JBTh (1993) 171-208; J. VanderKam, "Messianism in the Scrolls", in E. Ulrich, J. Vanderkam (eds.), The Community of the Renewed Covenant , Notre Dame Univ., 1994, 211-234; E. Puech, "Messianism, Resurrection, and Eschatology at Qumran and in the New Testament", Ibidem, 235-256; J.J. Collins, The Scepter and the Star. The Messiahs of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Ancient Jewish Literature, New York, Doubleday, 1995. I will also pay attention to a few studies that seem promising either to better understand the general context of Qumran messianism (W.M. Schniedewind, "King and Priest in the Book of Chronicle and the Duality of Qumran Messianism", JSJ 45 [1994] pp. 71- 78) or to analyze it from a social scientific standpoint (L. Schiffman, "Messianic Figures and Ideas in the Qumran Scrolls", in J.H. Charlesworth [ed.], The Messiahs . Developments in Earliest Judaism and Christianity , Minneapolis, Fortress, 1992, 116-129). I will also attempt to set my own agenda for a study of Qumran messianism as part of a larger social scientific study of the Qumran community/communities.]

Duncan, J.

Dupont-Sommer, André

• The Essene Writings from Qumran (Oxford, 1961).
• Essene Writings from Qumran (Peter Smith Pub, June 1973).
• Les Ecrits esséniens découverts près de la Mer Morte (Paris, 1983)
• La Bible. Ecrits intertestamentaires ____ and M. Philonenko (eds.) (Paris, 1987).

Dyson, F.

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Eisenman, Robert H.

• Islamic law in Palestine and Israel : a history of the survival of Tanzimat and Sharåi'a in the British Mandate and the Jewish state (????).
• Maccabees, Zadokites, Christians and Qumran (Leiden, 1983).
• James the Just in the Habakkuk Pesher (Leiden, 1986).
• 'The Historical Provenance of the "Three Nests of Belial" Allusion in the Zadokite Document and Balla/Bela in the Temple Scroll', Folia orientalia, vol.xxv (1988), pp.51ff.
• 'Eschatological "rain" Imagery in the War Scroll from Qumran and in the Letter from James', JNES, 49, no.2 (April 1990).
• 'Interpreting "Albeit-Galuto" in the Habakkuk Pesher', Folia orientalia, vol.xxvii (1990).
• 'A Response to Schiffman on MMT', The Qumran Chronicle 2-3 (Cracow, 1991) 94-104.
• A Facsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls: with an introduction and index by ____ and J. M. Robinson, 2 vols., (ER; Washington D. C.: Biblical Archaeology Society, 1991). [Introduction in English, facsimiles primarily in Hebrew and Aramaic].
• 'The Testament of Kohath', BAR Nov/Dec (1991) 64.
• 'A Messianic Vision', BAR Nov/Dec (1991) 65ff.
• The Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered. ____ and Michael O. Wise, (Shaftsbury, U.K. and Rockport, Mass., 1992), pbk. ed. (New York: Penguin, 1993). [The First Complete Translation and Interpretation of 50 Key Documents Withheld for Over 35 Years].
• The Dead Sea Scrolls and the First Christians : Essays and Translations (1996).
• James the Brother of Jesus : The Key to Unlocking the Secrets of Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls (1997).
• James the Brother of Jesus : Recovering the True History of Early Christianity (Not Yet Published)

Eissfeldt, Otto

Elgvin, Torleif

• 'Wisdom and Apocalypticism in the Early Second Century BCE: The Evidence of 4QInstruction' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: 4QInstruction preserves the largest amount of material among the wisdom writings from Qumran. Form-critical analysis shows the presence of two literary layers in the book: an older stratum of concise wisdom admonitions, and another, more apocalyptic stratum consisting of longer discourses.
  The wisdom admonitions mediate knowledge based on reason, similar to Sirach and Proverbs. The argument is based on this life, not on the hereafter. The admonitions provide guidance for life in family (relations to parents, wife and children) and society (financial matters such as loans, surety and investments; relations to superiors and subordinates, and agricultural topics).
  By the mid-second century BCE the book grows: to the admonitions is added a second, apocalyptic, stratum, dependent upon the Enochic tradition and close to the yahad in its world-view. This apocalyptic author moves the perspective to divine mysteries and the end-time restoration of the righteous. He looks forward to the universal judgment in heaven and on earth: angelic powers above and wicked men here below will be judged at God's final intervention. As authority and guiding star for the life of the elect the author does not appeal to the Torah, but to raz nihyeh , the mystery to come, a comprehensive word for God's plan for creation, history and redemption. For this author, God's agent at creation is not 'Lady Wisdom', but raz nihyeh . The divine mysteries have now been revealed to a community described as God's 'eternal planting', the nucleus of the future restored Israel.
  The presence of seven copies in Caves 1 and 4 shows that this book was highly regarded in the yahad . We deal with an important source for the development of sectarian theology.]

Elior, R.

Elliger, K.

Elson, John

Eshel, Esther

• 'A scroll from Qumran which Includes Part of Psalm 154 and a Prayer for King Jonathan and his Kingdom', --, Hanan Eshel, and Ada Yardeni, Tarbiz 60 (1991) 296-327 [Hebrew].
• 'Recensions and Editions of the War Scroll' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: 1QM is a compound composition which was based on different sources. That can be shown by the fact that the same hymn is found twice in 1QM. In the sixties and the seventies different scholars tried to demonstrate how the scribe who composed 1QM had worked.
  On this subject one should mention the pioneer work done by three scholars (M.H. Segal, C. Rabin and J.M. Grintz) who published three different articles in the Sukenik volume, published by the Shrine of the Book in 1961; as well as P.R. Davies' book, which appeared in Rome in 1977.
  This topic was later neglected because scholars waited for all the 4Q fragments to be published. Now that DJD VII and 4Q471, which is one of the sources of the War scroll are published, it seems to be the appropriate time for reevaluating the question of the sources of 1QM.
  In my lecture I would like to deal with two examples which can demonstrate this problem:
  1. There are three different recensions of one hymn: the shortest is found in 4QMb (4Q492), the second in 1QM column XIX:5-8 and the longest version is included in column XII:12-15 of 1QM. I would like to show that this hymn was enlarged and therefore the shortest recension is the earlier one.
  2. Column 2 of 1QM resembles 4Q471 fragment 1. Recently M. Abegg tried to connect 4Q471 with the Temple Scroll. In my lecture I would like to demonstrate how although there are some common elements shared by the Temple Scroll and the War Scroll, 4Q471 is the source of 1QM and not of the Temple Scroll.]

Eshel, Hanan

• see Eshel, Esther (1991).
• 'Caves and Documents from the Bar Kokhba Period' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: Between 1947 and 1956 twelve hundred documents were found in the Judean Desert. The earliest document is a papyrus from the end of the First Temple period (seventh century BCE) found in Wadi Murabba'at. The latest ones are from the early Arabic period, found in Khirbet Mird and in Wadi Murabba'at.
  After 1965 there was a long gap in finding new documents. Not only that scholars did not find written documents in the Judean Desert, but no documents arrived in the antiquity market as well.
  In 1986 I found in a small cave west of Jericho one document from the fourth century BCE, and five from the Bar Kokhba period. In 1993, under the same cave I found a group of documents from the Bar Kokhba period. In my lecture I will discuss these finds.
  One can divide the documents found in the Judean Desert (other than Qumran) into three groups:
  1. Document from the fourth century BCE from Wadi ed-Daliyeh and Ketef Jericho;
  2. Documents from the first century CE, found in Masada and Wadi Murabba'at;
  3. The largest group include documents which were brought to different caves in the Judean Desert at the end of the Bar Kokhba Revolt (135 CE).
  The last group will be discussed in my lecture. Today we know of 26 caves which were used as refuge caves at the end of the Bar Kokhba Revolt. In eleven of them documents were found. In my lecture I will try to show a pattern that can explain why those specific caves were chosen as refuge caves and what was the origin of the people who found shelter in those caves.]

Evans, Craig A.

• 'Diarchic Messianism in the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Messianism of Jesus of Nazareth' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: The diarchic messianism evidently presupposed by some of the Dead Sea Scrolls may clarify Jesus' entry into Jerusalem, his demonstration in the Temple precincts, and the ensuing quarrel with the ruling priests. Some of the Scrolls seem to expect the appearance of two anointed individuals, one of Aaron and one of Israel. Many scholars think the first anointed person is the new High Priest, while the second anointed person is the new king of davidic descent.
  While New Testament christology and its subsequent interpretation in the church of the second through fourth centuries tended to fuse all messianic ideas into one unified complex, whereby Messiah Jesus became king, priest, and prophet, messianic expectation of Jesus' time probably envisioned two messianic figures, perhaps preceded by a great prophet. The messianic expectation of the Scrolls probably reflect this view and are not therefore particularly distinctive. Indeed, the expectation of the Scrolls seems pretty much the same as that found in the Hebrew Bible.
  Although New Testament scholars typically sift through the Scrolls to find items here and there that potentially shed light on New Testament themes and passages, I propose to review the messianism of Jesus to see what light his teachings and activities may shed on the messianism of the Scrolls. His controversial relationship with Jerusalem's priesthood may clarify certain aspects of the debate relating to the putative messianic diarchism evidenced by the Scrolls.]

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Fabry, Heinz-Josef

• 'The Reception of the Book of Leviticus in Qumran' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: In Qumran there exist 18 scrolls with Leviticus texts (incl. 3 RP-scrolls). Additionally, the importance of the Book of Leviticus in Qumran is emphasized by the existence of more than 80 quotations. Two copies in 11Q and several copies in palaeo-Hebrew handwriting show canonical dignity. The distribution of the quotations demonstrates that the book of Leviticus as a whole was well known in Qumran, but special attention was given to Lev 2-5 (sacrifices and offerings), Lev 10-11 (purity /impurity) and parts of the Code of Holiness. On the other hand the wide-spread RP-texts are significant in excluding main parts of the book (Lev 1-10; 14; 17 and 21s.), while now preponderance is given to the purity laws (Lev 11-13). The Temple Scroll (nearly 50 quotations) points out the lasting importance of the priestly laws for the Sanctuary Torah.
  Unexpectedly the people of 1QS did not know what to make of the book, while the community of CD accepted at least the laws of leprosy (Lev 13) and of social behavior (Lev 19). The important quotations of Leviticus laws in 4QMMT and Toharot need special attention.
  With regard to textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible the Leviticus scrolls show special affinities to pre-masoretic and pre-septuagintic textual traditions, but, after all, the extremely careful and precise reception of the texts evidences what we call "canonical dignity".]

Falk, Daniel

• 'Reconstructing Prayer-Texts from DJD 7' presented at An International Congress The Dead Sea Scrolls - Fifty Years After Their Discovery: Major Issues and New Approaches in Jerusalem, July 20-25,1997.
  
  [Abstract: The prayers published by M. Baillet in DJD 7 were for the most part extremely fragmentary and his attempts at reconstruction were only partly successful. This paper proposes several new reconstructions relevant to the texts 4Q503-509.]

Farmer, W. R.

Festinger, L.

Fitzmyer, Joseph A.

• 'A Feature of Qumran Angelology and the Angels of I Cor. 11.10', NTS 4 (1957-58) 48-58.
• The Biblical Commission's document "The interpretation of the Bible in the Church" : text and commentary
• The Genesis Apocryphon of Qumran Cave 1 (Rome, 1971).
• 'The Contribution of Qumran Aramaic to the Study of the New Testament', NTS 20 (1974) 391-394.
• Essays on the Semitic Background of the New Testament (1974).
• The Dead Sea Scrolls: Major Publications and Tools for Study (Missoula: Scholars Press, 1975).
• Introductory Bibliography for the Study of Scripture Vol 3 (1981).
• To Advance the Gospel : New Testament Essays (1981).
• The Gospel According to Luke, I-IX Vol 28 (1981).
• Wandering Aramean : Collected Aramaic Essays (Society of Biblical Literature Monograph, No 25) (1984).
• Gospel According to Luke X-XXIV (Anchor Bible, Vol 28A) (1985).